Shahed University Journal of Quality Engineering and Production Optimization 9 2 2024 12 01 Sustainable Distribution and Inventory Planning in Supply Chains under VMI Strategy for B2B and B2C Models Using IoT 85 106 4782 10.22070/jqepo.2025.19895.1291 EN Najmeh Bahrampour Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Seifbarghy Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Seyed Hamid Reza Pasandideh Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 12 15 –This study explores optimizing sustainable supply chains by integrating vendor-managed inventory (VMI) and internet of things (IoT). The research focuses on business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-customer (B2C) models. While VMI is widely studied in B2B, its B2C application remains limited. This study examines the tire manufacturing sector, addressing significant environmental and safety concerns. A multi-level optimization framework is introduced to minimize costs, reduce carbon emissions and waste, and enhance customer safety. Customer safety is introduced as a novel social factor. The density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm clusters retailers, improving efficiency and reducing computational time. The framework serves very important customers under the VMI strategy, while normal customers are excluded. Empirical data from a tire manufacturer validates the framework using the Gurobi optimization package. The results demonstrate that applying VMI to all customers significantly increases service levels and the objective function value. Conversely, restricting VMI to B2B customers alone leads to a decline in both service levels and the objective function. Results confirm the scalability and efficiency of the model, with sensitivity analysis showing strong performance under varying parameters. This paper explores VMI in B2B and B2C models, offering insights into sustainable supply chain management.   https://jqepo.shahed.ac.ir/article_4782_a376802c0811f1b9088828288eb0d3f0.pdf